(1) Astronomers try to answer questions such as "What objects are where? What do they look like? How can we get a better view of them?" while astrphysicists try to answer question "How can we use the laws of physics to explain the nature of what's out there?",
(2) Our sun is a star and belongs to a galaxy called the Milky Way . The Sun is just one of billions ofstars that make up the galaxy. Our galaxy is one of about two dozen galaxies that make up a cluster, known as the Local Group. In turn, these larger groups of galaxies are linked to form supercluster, which may be the largest structures in the universe. In addition to containing so many stars, most galaxies are located millions, if not billions of light years away. When we study these objects , we must consider these great distances because it takestime for the light from these distant objects to reach Earth. Thus, when we see these objects, we do not see them as they are but as they were millions or billions of years ago.
(3) Go on, do it! Write yourself a reminder to get out and look at the night sky when it is clear and dark.
(4) Ditto.
(5) Ditto.
(6) Ditto.
(7) When you are facing Polaris (in the northern hemisphere) the stars appear to go anti-clockwise around the Pole Star.
(8) Facing (a) east, the stars move up and right from the horizon; (b) south, the stars move left to right; (c) west, the stars move down and right towards the horizon.