Complex organics bubble from the depths of Enceladus

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Complex organics bubble from the depths of Enceladus

This artist’s depiction demonstrates how hydrothermal activity drives the ejection of icy plumes from a subsurface ocean on Saturn’s moon Enceladus. (Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech)
New data collected from the Cassini spacecraft have revealed complex organic molecules originating from Saturn’s icy moon Enceladus, strengthening the idea that this ocean world hosts conditions suitable for life.

LASP research scientists Sascha Kempf and Sean Hsu co-authored a new study, published in Nature, based on the data.

Very little was known about Enceladus prior to 2005—the year when Cassini first flew by. Since then, it has become a continuous source of surprises, with secrets still being revealed even now, after the end of the mission.

During the mission’s incredible career, scientists discovered that 500 kilometer-wide Enceladus has a massive sub-surface ocean hidden underneath a thick icy crust, with evidence pointing to powerful hydrothermal vents on the seabed that mix up material from the moon’s water-filled, porous core with the ocean water.

They detected mighty geysers releasing a mixture of water vapor and ice grains from the oceans into space through cracks—nicknamed “tiger stripes”—in the moon’s icy shell, providing material for one of Saturn’s rings.

Now, the research team led by Frank Postberg and Nozair Khawaja of the University of Heidelberg, Germany, has identified fragments of large organic molecules in these ejected ice grains.

“It is the first ever detection of complex organics coming from an extraterrestrial water-world,” says Postberg.

“We found large molecular fragments that show structures typical for very complex organic molecules,” adds Khawaja. “The fragments, of up to 200 units of molecular mass, are created as the ice grains hit the scientific instruments on Cassini at speeds of about 30,000 kilometers per hour, but we believe that, prior to the collision, the grains contain the original, even larger molecules, which could have molecular weights of thousands of atomic mass units.”

Scientists calculate molecular mass, or weight, as the sum of weights of individual atoms contained in the molecule. Previously, Cassini had only detected lightweight organic molecules at Enceladus much smaller than the most recently found fragments.

Such large molecules can only be created by complex chemical processes—including those related to life. Alternatively, they could come from primordial material as found in some meteorites or, more likely, be generated by hydrothermal activity.

“In my opinion the fragments we found are of hydrothermal origin, having been processed inside the hydrothermally active core of Enceladus: in the high pressures and warm temperatures we expect there, it is possible that complex organic molecules can arise,” says Postberg.

The observations in this study were made using the Cosmic Dust Analyzer on the Cassini spacecraft. LASP researchers have a long history of probing dust in space—CU Boulder students designed a dust detector on the New Horizons spacecraft, which made a close pass of Pluto in July 2015 and continues to probe even more distant Kuiper Belt objects.

LASP scientists are also developing an instrument called the Surface Dust Mass Analyzer (SUDA) that will study dust around Jupiter’s moon Europa as part of NASA’s Europa Clipper mission. Kempf, an assistant professor of physics at CU Boulder, is the principal investigator for the Europa SUDA instrument.

“The detection of the tiniest amounts of large organic molecules in ice particles demonstrates the power of dust detectors such as SUDA, which is much more capable than the Cosmic Dust Analyzer,” says Kempf.
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